![]() As a result, it is difficult to conclude that Kahneman offers an adequately operationalized theory of attention.ĭespite its limitations, Kahneman’s association of attention and effort has achieved the status of paradigmatic truth. Subjects are instructed to direct their attention to decontextualized items selected by researchers rather than contextualized items of their own interest, contrary to how attention is directed in ecologically valid circumstances. ![]() His evidence is also limited largely to laboratory studies that elicit only what may be called forced attention from subjects. 1Īlthough Kahneman examines a large number of studies of attention and weaves evidence from them together into a complex, multi-faceted theory, he overlooks a crucial step in the process of theory-building, namely, defining his operationalized terms. And so it seemed uncontroversial to conclude that attention is effort. Pupil reactions correlated so closely with what appeared to be the work being done by the brain that it was natural for Kahneman to conclude that pupil reactions indicated both attending to the task and the effort exerted in attending to the task. For example, Kahneman (1973) describes the results of several research programs, including his own, that measured pupil dilation as an index of mental effort. With these studies, scientists were finally making progress in not just understanding what attention is but in measuring and quantifying it. In 1973, Daniel Kahneman published Attention and Effort, which summarized over a decade’s worth of groundbreaking studies on a variety of aspects of attention, including divided attention, task interference, and the role of perception. (2) Attention can also occur under parasympathetic dominance, in which case it is likely to be experienced as effortless. This occurs under sympathetic dominance and can be experienced as effortful. ![]() In support of an alternative perspective, we briefly review diverse studies of behavior, physiology, and neuroscience on attention and effort, including meditation and studies of the LC-NE system, where we find evidence for the following: (1) Attention seems to be associated not with the utilization of metabolic resources per se but with the readying of metabolic resources in the form of adaptive gain modulation. ![]() We then weigh this conception of effort against evidence in Kahneman’s book and against more recent evidence, finding that it does not warrant the conclusion that effort can be equated with attention. Continuing, we find from Kahneman’s argument that effort-attention must be a special case of sympathetic dominance of the autonomic nervous system that is also an increase in metabolic activity in the brain that has crossed a threshold of magnitude. The central notion of effort is not clearly defined in the book, so we proceed by constructing the most secure inferences we can from Kahneman’s argument regarding effort: it is cognitive, objective, metabolic expenditure, and it is attention. In this article, we retrace Kahneman’s argument to understand its strengths and weaknesses. Since then, the paradigm has rarely been questioned and appears to have set the research agenda so that it is self-reinforcing. NOTE: We are currently still looking for active editors for this wiki.Daniel Kahneman was not the first to suggest that attention and effort are closely associated, but his 1973 book Attention and Effort, which claimed that attention can be identified with effort, cemented the association as a research paradigm in the cognitive sciences. Any contributions will be greatly appreciated! Alternatively, head out to our Community page to read more about our to-do list. Any inquiries, reports, and others should be directed to them.įeel free to contribute to this wiki! You can immediately start editing by clicking the Add new page or EDIT button. We are NOT affiliated with Pillow Castle or any of its members. Keep in mind that this is an unofficial wiki, which means that it is maintained by the players. You can also file a report by leaving a message to an Admin! However, the wiki staff will always keep an eye and can reverse edits that are made in bad faith. ![]() Due to this nature, some information on this wiki may not be 100% accurate. We are a collaborative community website that anyone, including you, can build and expand. After the wiki had become dormant for more than a year, this wiki was later adopted by SimpleXtra on 17 February 2022. This wiki was originally founded by Minemaker0430 on 1 January 2020. However, you can rest assured as these information are hidden by default and can be expanded if you wish. Please beware that some information on this wiki contains spoiler information. Superliminal Wiki is a community that aims to document and preserve information on Superliminal, a 2019 puzzle game made by Pillow Castle. ![]()
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